[Design of a nursing assessment instrument during pregnancy monitoring in Primary Health care and the validation of its content]. / Diseño de un instrumento de valoración enfermera para el seguimiento de embarazo en Atención Primaria de salud y la validación de su contenido.

OBJECTIVE: This research aims to develop a nursing assessment tool, based on Gordon's Health Functional Patterns, through a content validation by a committee of experts, applying a Delphi technique. DESIGN: An assessment instrument with 53 items has been designed. SITE: It is carried out within the framework of a doctoral thesis, for its implementation by midwives of Primary Health Care. PARTICIPANTS: The committee was made up of 16 professionals with a hide clinical, teaching and research experience who all participated in the entire validation process. INTERVENTION: It has been assessed as a whole and in each of the items through four rounds of consultations, establishing a positive assessment of more than 60% to accept each item, as well as incorporating the suggestions provided by the committee. The final version had to reach a unanimous consensus. MAIN MEASUREMENTS: All items were accepted with a score higher than 60%. RESULTS: There were no contradictions between the inputs provided by the experts, so all of them were integrated into the final version that has a 100% approval by the committee. CONCLUSION: After this process, a new assessment tool is presented to be applied by primary care midwives in the pregnancy monitoring. The questionnaire has been piloted with 50 pregnant women, determining the most prevalent nursing diagnoses, establishing the workload for the midwife of her implementation of individualized care plans to improve some health indicators of pregnant women.

Desarrollo de un listado de procedimientos mínimos para certificar la competencia en endoscopia digestiva por método Delphi / Development of a list of minimum procedures to certify competence in digestive endoscopy by the Delphi method

Introducción: En el marco de referencia de cada especialidad médica, resulta un aspecto clave ofrecer un listado consensuado del tipo y número de prácticas que caracteriza el quehacer profesional de una especialidad. Es así que, el objetivo de este estudio es definir un listado de procedimientos mínimos para asegurar la competencia en Endoscopía Digestiva en base a un proceso de consenso estructurado, así como explorar las opiniones de referentes expertos en endoscopía digestiva sobre la formación de médicos endoscopistas en la Argentina y la necesidad de certificación de competencias. Materiales y métodos: Para esta investigación se realizó un estudio prospectivo de metodología mixta, a partir de la implementación del método Delphi, como técnica de investigación cualitativa grupal, seguido de la implementación de una encuesta estructurada. Resultados: El listado consolidado final incluyó 17 procedimientos considerados fundamentales para la certificación de la competencia en endoscopía digestiva. Dado la dispersión en el rango del número mínimo necesario para alcanzar la competencia se definió utilizar la mediana. En el caso de la endoscopía digestiva alta el número de procedimientos mínimo acordado fue de 200, mientras que en el caso de la videocolonoscopía fue de 150. Conclusión: Este listado es una pieza fundamental en el desarrollo de un marco formativo a nivel nacional en endoscopía digestiva, así como en un programa de certificación de la competencia (AU)

[Development and validation of standards for quality units of health centers]. / Desarrollo y validación de estándares para unidades de calidad de centros sanitarios.

OBJECTIVE: In Spain, the Quality Units advise health centres, services and professionals on the methodology of continuous improvement of the quality of care. A system based on good practice standards could provide these units with a tool to improve their results and value their work. The objective was to develop, agree on and validate standards, to properly guide and orient the functions, results and continuous improvement of the Quality Units in health centers. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A qualitative-quantitative, prospective and cross-sectional study was carried out, applying the Metaplan method, the e-Delphi technique and a simulation study. The participants were coordinators of these units, belonging to 14 Spanish Autonomous Communities and distributed in four experts' panels. They agreed on the standards to be used and evaluated the different types of validity. RESULTS: The 204 standards proposed by the scientific committee were reduced to 157 with Metaplan, to 110 with e-Delphi, and to 96 with the committee's final review (87.3% consensus, content validity). The construct validity showed a Cronbach's alpha >0.7 (P<.001); the validity of content was reaffirmed in the simulation workshop (80% "understood" each other, P<.001; and there was "documentary evidence" in 84%, P<.001); face validity was accepted (75% "related to quality dimensions", P<.001); and the validity of the criteria was verified with a sensitivity of 84.2%, a specificity of 98.3%, and a kappa index of 0.84. CONCLUSIONS: Valid standards have been developed for Quality Units in health centers.

Opinion on the benefits of nurse prescribing in Catalonia. Consensus of health professionals and managers.

OBJECTIVE: To study the level of agreement among health professionals and managers in Catalonia on the benefits of nurse prescribing (NP). METHOD: An online Real Time Delphi was conducted to collect the level of agreement of health professionals and managers. Participants voted in a 6-point scale (1 low benefit and 6 high benefit) for 12 items describing benefits of NP. A total of 1332 professionals participated. The level of consensus was calculated applying interquartile ranges of scores and standardized mean differences among subgroups using effect sizes (ES) and their corresponding 95% confidence intervals. RESULTS: The scores indicate a general agreement on the perceived benefits of NP among participants. Standardized differences among scores on the perceived benefits among professionals were small to high (ES range between 0.2 and 1.2) between nurses and medical doctors and high between nurses and pharmacists (ES range: 1.2 and 2.4). Differences between scores of nurses and those of managers or other professionals in the present study were smaller for most voted benefits. CONCLUSIONS: The study shows an agreement on the benefits of NP. Nevertheless, when standardized scores are taken into consideration, differences among professionals' perceptions emerged, and aligned with documented barriers identified in the literature such as corporative aspects, cultural limitations, institutional and organisational inertia, beliefs and unawareness of what NP implies.

La nutrición en las cardiopatías congénitas: Documento de consenso / Nutrition in congenital heart disease: Consensus document

Introducción: La tasa de desnutrición entre los lactantes con cardiopatías congénitas (CC) es elevada. Una evaluación e intervención nutricional tempranas ayudan a su tratamiento y mejoran el pronóstico. El objetivo fue elaborar un documento de consenso para la evaluación y el tratamiento nutricional del lactante con CC. Material y métodos: Se utilizó una técnica Delphi modificada. Con base en la literatura y en su experiencia clínica, un comité científico elaboró un listado de afirmaciones que abordaban la derivación a unidades de nutrición pediátrica (UNP), la evaluación y el manejo nutricional de los lactantes con CC. Especialistas en cardiología pediátrica, y gastroenterología y nutrición pediátrica evaluaron el cuestionario en dos rondas. Resultados: Participaron 32 especialistas. Tras dos rondas de evaluación, se consensuaron 150 de 185 ítems (81%). Se determinaron patologías cardiacas de bajo y alto riesgo nutricional y factores asociados cardiacos o extracardiacos que confieren riesgo nutricional alto. Se elaboraron recomendaciones para la evaluación y seguimiento en unidades de nutrición y sobre el cálculo de los requerimientos nutricionales, el tipo de nutrición y la vía de administración. Se enfatiza la necesidad de un tratamiento nutricional intensivo en el preoperatorio, del seguimiento por la UNP en el postoperatorio cuando se haya necesitado intervención preoperatoria, y de la reevaluación por el cardiólogo cuando no se alcancen los objetivos nutricionales. Conclusiones: Estas recomendaciones pueden ser de ayuda para la detección precoz y derivación temprana de población vulnerable, su evaluación y tratamiento nutricional y para mejorar el pronóstico de su CC. (AU)

Introduction: The prevalence of malnutrition among infants with congenital heart disease (CHD) is high. Early nutritional assessment and intervention contribute significantly to its treatment and improve outcomes. Our objective was to develop a consensus document for the nutritional assessment and management of infants with CHD. Material and methods: We employed a modified Delphi technique. Based on the literature and clinical experience, a scientific committee prepared a list of statements that addressed the referral to paediatric nutrition units (PNUs), assessment, and nutritional management of infants with CHD. Specialists in paediatric cardiology and paediatric gastroenterology and nutrition evaluated the questionnaire in 2 rounds. Results: Thirty-two specialists participated. After two evaluation rounds, a consensus was reached for 150 out of 185 items (81%). Cardiac pathologies associated with a low and high nutritional risk and associated cardiac or extracardiac factors that carry a high nutritional risk were identified. The committee developed recommendations for assessment and follow-up by nutrition units and for the calculation of nutritional requirements, the type of nutrition and the route of administration. Particular attention was devoted to the need for intensive nutrition therapy in the preoperative period, the follow-up by the PNU during the postoperative period of patients who required preoperative nutritional care, and reassessment by the cardiologist in the case nutrition goals are not achieved. Conclusions: These recommendations can be helpful for the early detection and referral of vulnerable patients, their evaluation and nutritional management and improving the prognosis of their CHD. (AU)

[Factors associated with the hospital at home workload: A Delphi consensus study]. / Factores relacionados con la carga de trabajo en hospitalización a domicilio: estudio de consenso Delphi.

OBJECTIVES: To identify and prioritize a list of factors that contribute to the workload of the hospital at home (HaH) professionals. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A qualitative methodology study performed between January and December 2019 in the 10 HAH units of the Basque Country. The data were obtained in 4phases: 1. Systematic literature search and review; 2. Expert group meeting; 3. Consensus method: Delphi technique (2 survey rounds) and nominal group meeting; 4. Meeting of the research team. RESULTS: In the systematic literature search and review 85 factors were initially identified. These were reduced to 38 after the 8-person expert group meeting, in which 10 new factors were added. After the 2 Delphi rounds (106 and 57 professionals, respectively), 17 factors were maintained and 12 remained in doubt. The latter were evaluated at the nominal group meeting, consisting of 13 professionals who decided to eliminate 5 factors, include 3, and keep 3 as doubt. After the 8-person research team meeting, 14 potential factors were finally selected. They are related to the place of residence, the health state and social situation of the patients, as well as the health care provided at home. CONCLUSIONS: The identified factors could serve for improving the organization and optimize the daily word of the HaH professionals.

Opinion on the benefits of nurse prescribing in Catalonia. Consensus of health professionals and managers / Opinión sobre los beneficios de la prescripción enfermera en Cataluña. Consenso de profesionales de la salud y gestores

Objective: To study the level of agreement among health professionals and managers in Catalonia on the benefits of nurse prescribing (NP). Method: An online Real Time Delphi was conducted to collect the level of agreement of health professionals and managers. Participants voted in a 6-point scale (1 low benefit and 6 high benefit) for 12 items describing benefits of NP. A total of 1332 professionals participated. The level of consensus was calculated applying interquartile ranges of scores and standardized mean differences among subgroups using effect sizes (ES) and their corresponding 95% confidence intervals. Results: The scores indicate a general agreement on the perceived benefits of NP among participants. Standardized differences among scores on the perceived benefits among professionals were small to high (ES range between 0.2 and 1.2) between nurses and medical doctors and high between nurses and pharmacists (ES range: 1.2 and 2.4). Differences between scores of nurses and those of managers or other professionals in the present study were smaller for most voted benefits. Conclusions: The study shows an agreement on the benefits of NP. Nevertheless, when standardized scores are taken into consideration, differences among professionals’ perceptions emerged, and aligned with documented barriers identified in the literature such as corporative aspects, cultural limitations, institutional and organisational inertia, beliefs and unawareness of what NP implies.(AU)

Objetivo: Estudiar el nivel de consenso entre profesionales de salud y gestores en Cataluña sobre los beneficios de la prescripción enfermera (PE). Método: Se realizó un Delphi en tiempo real en línea para recoger el nivel de acuerdo de profesionales de la salud y gestores. Las personas participantes votaron en una escala de 6 puntos (1 bajo beneficio y 6 alto beneficio) en 12 ítems que describen los beneficios de la PE. Participaron 1332 profesionales. El nivel de consenso se calculó aplicando rangos intercuartílicos de puntuaciones y diferencias de medias estandarizadas entre subgrupos a partir de tamaños del efecto (ES) y sus correspondientes intervalos de confianza del 95%. Resultados: Las puntuaciones indican un acuerdo general sobre los beneficios percibidos de la PE entre las personas participantes. Las diferencias estandarizadas entre las puntuaciones sobre los beneficios percibidos entre profesionales fueron de pequeñas a altas (rango ES: 0,2 a 1,2) entre enfermeras y médicos, y altas entre enfermeras y farmacéuticos (rango ES: 1,2 a 2,4). Las diferencias entre las puntuaciones de profesionales de enfermería y gestión clínica u otros profesionales en el presente estudio fueron menores para los beneficios más votados. Conclusiones: El estudio muestra un acuerdo sobre los beneficios de la PE. Sin embargo, cuando se tienen en cuenta las puntuaciones estandarizadas se encontraron algunas diferencias entre las percepciones de profesionales y se alinearon con las barreras documentadas identificadas en la literatura, como aspectos corporativos, limitaciones culturales, inercia institucional y organizativa, creencias y desconocimiento de lo que implica la PE.(AU)

Elaboração e validação de lista de verificação dos processos produtivos de dietas pediátricas em lactários hospitalares / Elaboration and validation of the checklist of the production processes of pediatric diets in hospital lactaries

Resumo Este trabalho visou elaborar e validar uma lista de verificação dos processos produtivos de dietas pediátricas para uso em lactários hospitalares. Para a elaboração do instrumento realizou-se pesquisa bibliográfica. A validação do conteúdo foi realizada com 5 especialistas, pela Técnica Delphi - utilizando a escala Likert de 5 pontos. A validação de aparência foi realizada por 3 nutricionistas, no mesmo ambiente, dia e horário. O instrumento incluiu cabeçalho, guia de instruções de preenchimento e 225 itens de avaliação que obtiveram o conteúdo validado. Os valores mínimos e máximos para o índice de validade de conteúdo (IVC) foi, respectivamente, 0,88 e 0,96. O coeficiente de correlação intraclasse (CCI) e Alfa de Cronbach (α) foi >0,80 em mais de 90% dos itens avaliados. Os valores mínimos e máximos para o índice de validade de aparência (IVA) foi, respectivamente, 0,73 e 0,93. O teste de Kruskal Wallis não apresentou diferença significativa durante as avaliações (p valor>0,05) para os blocos da versão rotina e versão gestão. As versões do instrumento apresentaram em mais de 80% dos blocos α e CCI>0,80. Portanto, o instrumento apresentou conteúdo e aparência validados tendo reprodutibilidade e confiabilidade, ou seja, viabilidade de utilização na prática do nutricionista.

Abstract This work aimed to draft and validate a checklist of the production processes of pediatric diets for use in hospital lactaries. A bibliographic search was carried out in order to draft the instrument. Content validation was performed with 5 experts, using the Delphi technique and the 5-point Likert scale. Appearance validation was performed by 3 nutritionists, in the same environment, day, and time. The instrument included a header, a guide to completion instructions, and 225 assessment items that obtained validated content. The minimum and maximum values for the content validity index (CVI) were 0.88 and 0.96, respectively. The intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) and Cronbach's alpha (α) was >0.80 in more than 90% of the items evaluated. The minimum and maximum values for the Appearance Validity Index (AVI) were, respectively, 0.73 and 0.93. The Kruskal Wallis test showed no significant difference during the evaluations (p-value>0.05) for the blocks of the routine version and the management version. The instrument versions presented in more than 80% of the α and ICC blocks > 0.80. Therefore, the instrument presented validated content and appearance, presenting reproducibility and reliability in terms of the feasibility of use in a nutritionist's practice.

¿Cómo valorar la atención centrada en la persona según los profesionales? Un estudio Delphi / How to assess Person-Centered Care according to professionals? A Delphi study

Objetivos: Conocer la perspectiva de profesionales sobre aspectos y dimensiones que deberían formar parte indispensable de la Atención Centrada en la Persona (ACP).DiseñoTécnica Delphi.EmplazamientoAtención Primaria.ParticipantesSetenta y cuatro expertos médicos especialistas en medicina familiar y comunitaria (MF), tutores docentes, psicólogos y sociólogos distribuidos por todo el territorio nacional (enero-junio 2015).MétodosRespondieron a tres cuestionarios: primero sobre aspectos que debería tener en cuenta un MF para realizar ACP en todas sus dimensiones. En el segundo se preguntó sobre el grado de acuerdo con cada ítem y dimensión en que lo clasificaba. Las respuestas se priorizaron en un tercer cuestionario (escala Likert, rango de puntuación 1-10).ResultadosLa tasa de respuesta (TR) al primer cuestionario fue de 54,05%, obteniéndose 84 ítems, los más frecuentes Respeto y Atención Integral. El 2.° cuestionario con TR=48,6%, obtuvo 52 ítems con acuerdo superior al 75%. La TR del tercer cuestionario fue de 52,7%, obteniendo 21 ítems con puntuación >9. Los valores más altos correspondieron a aspectos esenciales de la ACP: respeto, atención integral, enfoque biopsicosocial, autonomía del paciente y participación en la toma de decisiones.ConclusionesSe identificaron nuevas dimensiones: Prevención y promoción de la salud, Gestión de Recursos y Competencia Clínica; añadidas a las previamente descritas: Perspectiva biopsicosocial, Médico como persona, Paciente como persona, Relación médico-paciente y Poder y Responsabilidad compartidas.El respeto, la atención integral, el enfoque biopsicosocial, la autonomía del paciente y su participación en la toma de decisiones, son los aspectos más valorados entre los seleccionados por los profesionales participantes.

Objectives: To know the perspective of professionals on aspects and dimensions that should be an indispensable part of Person-Centered Care (PCA).DesignDelphi Technique.LocationPrimary Care.Participants74 medical experts specializing in family and community medicine (FM), teaching tutors, psychologists and sociologists distributed throughout the national territory (January-June 2015).MethodsThey responded to three questionnaires: first, on aspects that a FP should take into account to carry out PCA in all its dimensions. In the second, they asked about the degree of agreement with each item and dimension in which it was classified. The responses were prioritized in a third questionnaire (Likert scale, score range 1-10).ResultsThe response rate (RR) to the 1st questionnaire was 54.05%, obtaining 84 items, the most frequent Respect and Comprehensive Attention. The 2nd questionnaire with RR = 48.6%, obtained 52 items with a degree of agreement greater than 75%. The RR of the 3rd questionnaire was 52.7%, obtaining 21 items with a score> 9. The highest values corresponded to essential aspects of PCA: respect, comprehensive care, biopsychosocial approach, patient autonomy, and participation in decision-making.

[How to assess Person-Centered Care according to professionals? A Delphi study]. / ¿Cómo valorar la atención centrada en la persona según los profesionales? Un estudio Delphi.

OBJECTIVES: To know the perspective of professionals on aspects and dimensions that should be an indispensable part of Person-Centered Care (PCA). DESIGN: Delphi Technique. LOCATION: Primary Care. PARTICIPANTS: 74 medical experts specializing in family and community medicine (FM), teaching tutors, psychologists and sociologists distributed throughout the national territory (January-June 2015). METHODS: They responded to three questionnaires: first, on aspects that a FP should take into account to carry out PCA in all its dimensions. In the second, they asked about the degree of agreement with each item and dimension in which it was classified. The responses were prioritized in a third questionnaire (Likert scale, score range 1-10). RESULTS: The response rate (RR) to the 1st questionnaire was 54.05%, obtaining 84 items, the most frequent Respect and Comprehensive Attention. The 2nd questionnaire with RR = 48.6%, obtained 52 items with a degree of agreement greater than 75%. The RR of the 3rd questionnaire was 52.7%, obtaining 21 items with a score> 9. The highest values corresponded to essential aspects of PCA: respect, comprehensive care, biopsychosocial approach, patient autonomy, and participation in decision-making. CONCLUSIONS: New dimensions were identified: Prevention and health promotion, Resource Management and Clinical Competence, added to those previously described: Biopsychosocial perspective, Doctor as a person, Patient as a person, Doctor-patient relationship and Shared Power and Responsibility. Respect, comprehensive care, the biopsychosocial approach, the patient's autonomy and their participation in decision-making, are the most valued aspects among those selected by the participating professionals.

Consenso Ibero-americano sobre Habilidades Comunicacionais para Estudantes de Graduação em Enfermagem / Ibero-American Consensus on Communication Skills for Nursing Degree students / Consenso Iberoamericano sobre Habilidades de Comunicación para Estudiantes de Grado de Enfermería

Resumo Objetivo: como profissão orientada à atenção da saúde, focada no cuidado às pessoas, a Enfermagem precisa desenvolver habilidades de comunicação sólidas. Com base em um consenso internacional de especialistas, apresenta-se uma proposta sobre os resultados de aprendizagem na comunicação clínica para planos de estudos em cursos de Enfermagem em países hispanofalantes. Método: um comitê orientador, composto por 5 enfermeiros e especialistas em comunicação em ciências de atenção à saúde, elaborou a primeira lista de habilidades comunicacionais específicas para o curso de Enfermagem. Outro comitê de 7 assessores científicos internacionais revisou e melhorou a referida proposta. Foram selecionados 70 especialistas de 14 países pelo procedimento de amostragem "bola de neve", sendo convidados para participar em um processo de consenso Delphi modificado a distância em duas rodadas de pesquisa. Foi realizada a análise estatística para estabelecer o nível de consenso final correspondente a cada item. Resultados: foi apresentado um questionário com 68 resultados de aprendizagem em comunicações clínicas para serem avaliados pelo painel. Na primeira rodada Delphi, o painel chegou a um consenso estatístico em todos os itens avaliados. Não foi necessária uma segunda rodada para conciliar posições. Conclusão: apresenta-se uma proposta acadêmica aprovada com um elevado nível de consenso internacional a fim de orientar e unificar os resultados de aprendizagem nos planos de estudo sobre comunicação clínica para cursos de Enfermagem em países hispanofalantes.

Abstract Objective: as a health care profession focused on caring for people, Nursing requires sound communication skills. Based on an international expert consensus, a proposal on learning outcomes in clinical communication for undergraduate Nursing education curricula in Spanish speaking countries is presented. Method: a steering committee, consisting of 5 nurses and experts in communication in health care sciences, drew up the first list of communication skills specific to the Nursing degree. Their proposal was reviewed and improved by a committee of 7 international scientific advisers. 70 experts from 14 countries were selected using a snowball sampling procedure and invited to participate in a distance modified Delphi consensus process in two survey rounds. Statistical analysis was carried out to establish the final consensus level for each item. Results: a questionnaire with 68 learning outcomes in clinical communications was submitted for panel assessment. In the first Delphi round, the panel reached a statistical consensus on all the items assessed. There was no need for a second round to reconcile positions. Conclusion: an academic proposal, approved by a high level of international consensus, is presented to guide and unify the learning outcomes on the clinical communication curriculum for undergraduate Nursing studies in Spanish speaking countries.

Resumen Objetivo: en su carácter de profesión de atención de la salud enfocada en cuidar a las personas, la Enfermería requiere habilidades de comunicación sólidas. Sobre la base de un consenso internacional de expertos, se presenta una propuesta sobre resultados de aprendizaje en la comunicación clínica para planes de estudio de las carreras de grado de Enfermería en países de habla hispana. Método: un comité orientador, compuesto por 5 enfermeros y expertos en comunicación en ciencias de atención de la salud, elaboró la primera lista de habilidades de comunicación específicas para la carrera de Enfermería. Un comité de 7 asesores científicos internacionales revisó y mejoró dicha propuesta. Se seleccionó a 70 expertos de 14 países a través del procedimiento de muestreo "bola de nieve", y se los invitó a participar en un proceso de consenso Delphi modificado a distancia en dos rondas de encuesta. Se realizó un análisis estadístico para establecer el nivel de consenso final correspondiente a cada ítem. Resultados: se presentó un cuestionario con 68 resultados de aprendizaje en comunicaciones clínicas para que lo evaluara el panel. En la primera ronda Delphi, el panel llegó a un consenso estadístico en todos los ítems evaluados. No fue necesaria una segunda ronda para conciliar posiciones. Conclusión: se presenta una propuesta académica, aprobada con un elevado nivel de consenso internacional, a fin de orientar y unificar los resultados de aprendizaje en los planes de estudio sobre comunicación clínica para carreras de grado de Enfermería en países de habla hispana.

Clasificación del daño tisular de antineoplásicos: Consenso del Grupo Español de Farmacia Oncológica / Classification of antineoplastic drug-induced tissue damage: a Consensus of the Spanish Oncology Pharmacy Group

Objetivo: Realizar un consenso de expertos utilizando el método Delphipara la clasificación del potencial de daño tisular de los antineoplásicosque facilite la toma de decisiones ante una extravasación.Método: El panel de evaluadores estaba formado por siete farmacéuticos del grupo de trabajo de extravasaciones. Otro actuó comocoordinador. Se revisó la probabilidad de daño tisular a partir de ochodocumentos de referencia. Se clasificaron en cuatro categorías: vesicante, irritante de alto riesgo, irritante de bajo riesgo y no irritante. Serealizaron dos rondas; tras éstas los fármacos con consenso < 70% sediscutieron en grupo de forma no anónima. Se analizó para cada ronda:la mediana del grado de consenso y ámbito intercuartílico (AIQ25-75),el grado de concordancia por categoría de daño tisular y el porcentaje de antineoplásicos con grado de consenso > 85% y del 100%.Se analizaron de forma separada los fármacos con discordancias declasificación entre los documentos consultados. Se utilizó el programaestadístico SPSS v23.0. (AU)

Objective: To reach at an expert consensus, using the Delphi method, forclassifying the tissue-damaging potential of antineoplastic drugs, in order tofacilitate the decision-making process in the event of extravasations.Method: The panel of expert evaluators was made up of seven pharmacists belonging to the working group on extravasations. Other memberserved as coordinator. The likelihood of tissue damage was reviewed on thebasis of eight reference documents. Four categories of drugs were established: vesicant (V); high risk irritant (HRI); low risk irritant (LRI) and non-irritant(NI). Two rounds of surveys were performed. The drugs with an agreementof less than 70% after the two rounds were discussed non-anonymously by thegroup. For each of the rounds the following was analysed: median ofthe degree of consensus and the interquartile range (IQR25-75), degreeof agreement by tissue damage category, and percentage of antineoplastics reaching a degree of consensus of over 85% and of 100%. Drugswhose classification differed in the various reference documents were assessed separately. SPSS v23.0 statistical software was used. (AU)

Definition of Remission and Disease Activity Assessment in Psoriatic Arthritis: Evidence and Expert-Based Recommendations / Definición de remisión y evaluación de la actividad de la enfermedad en la artritis psoriásica: recomendaciones basadas en la evidencia y la opinión de expertos

Objective: We aimed to reach a consensus on the best instruments to monitor disease activity in patients with psoriatic arthritis (PsA) and to develop a consensus definition of remission. Methods: A modified Delphi approach was used. A scientific committee provided statements addressing the definition of remission and the monitoring of PsA in clinical practice. The questionnaire was evaluated in 2 rounds by rheumatologists with experience in managing PsA patients. Results: A panel of 77 rheumatologists reached agreement on 62 out of the 86 proposed items (72.0%). The most recommended index for monitoring disease activity was DAPSA (cut-off values: ≤4 for remission and >4–14 for low disease activity ([LDA]), MDA (at least 5/7 criteria). In cases with axial involvement, ASDAS was the preferred index (cut-off values: <1.3 for remission and <2.1 for LDA). BASDAI (cut-off values: ≤2 for remission and ≤4 for LDA) may be used as an alternative. PsAID was the preferred tool to assess disease impact. Conclusion: We propose a definition of remission in PsA as the absence of disease activity evaluated by DAPSA or MDA (ASDAS and/or BASDAI in patients with axial involvement), which would imply absence of signs or symptoms of inflammation, physical well-being, lack of disease impact, and absence of inflammation as measured by biological markers.(AU)

Objetivo: Nuestro objetivo era alcanzar un consenso sobre los mejores instrumentos para monitorizar la actividad de la enfermedad en pacientes con artritis psoriásica (AP) y desarrollar una definición consensuada de remisión. Metodología: Se utilizó una metodología Delphi modificada. Un comité científico propuso aseveraciones relacionadas con la definición de remisión y la monitorización de la AP en la clínica. El cuestionario fue evaluado en 2 rondas por reumatólogos con experiencia en el manejo de la AP. Resultados: Un panel de 77 reumatólogos alcanzó un acuerdo en 62 de los 86 ítems propuestos (72,0%). El índice más recomendado para monitorizar la actividad de la enfermedad fue DAPSA (valores de corte: ≤4 para la remisión y >4-14 para baja actividad de la enfermedad ([LDA]), MDA (al menos 5/7 criterios). En los casos con afectación axial, el índice preferido fue ASDAS (valores de corte: <1,3 para remisión y <2,1 para LDA). Como alternativa puede usarse BASDAI (valores de corte: ≤2 para remisión y ≤4 para LDA). PsAID fue la herramienta preferida para evaluar el impacto de la enfermedad. Conclusión: Proponemos una definición de remisión en pacientes con AP como la ausencia de actividad de la enfermedad evaluada mediante DAPSA o MDA (ASDAS y/o BASDAI en pacientes con afectación axial), lo que implicaría ausencia de signos o síntomas de inflamación, bienestar físico, ausencia de impacto de la enfermedad y ausencia de inflamación medida por marcadores biológicos.(AU)

Construcción y validación delcuestionario C.A.P.A. Conocimientosen Alimentación de PersonasAdolescentes diagnosticadas detrastornos alimentarios / Construction and validation of the C.A.P.A. questionnaire in Nutrition of Adolescents diagnosed with Adolescents diagnosed with eating disorders

Introducción. Los trastornos de la conducta alimentariarepresentan un grave, problema especialmente en poblaciónjoven. La educación nutricional es fundamental en su tratamiento y prevención.Entre las acciones desarrolladas, en España destaca la estrategia NAOS, que enmarca el programa educativo Perseodestinado a escolares. Sin embargo, existen escasos instrumentos que evalúen los conocimientos tras la realización deeste tipo de acciones. El objetivo del estudio ha sido elaborar y validar un cuestionario que permita evaluar los conocimientos tras realizar el programa Perseo en población juvenil diagnosticada de trastornos alimentarios.Metodología. Se implementó la técnica e-Delphi modificada online, en la que participaron 26 expertos de saludmental y nutrición. Evaluándose el grado de consenso enadecuación y relevancia a través de una escala Likert decuatro puntos y un campo para comentarios. Los criteriosbásicos y suplementarios del desarrollo de la técnica se establecieron previamente.Resultados. Tomando como base el programa Perseo yel cuestionario General Nutrition Knowledge Questionnaire(GNKQ) en su versión adaptada a adolescentes portugueses,se desarrolló una versión inicial del cuestionario de 30 ítemsy 4 posibles respuestas. Tras tres fases, 26 ítems alcanzaron elconsenso requerido tanto en adecuación como en relevancia.Finalmente, se obtuvo un nuevo cuestionario compuesto por26 ítems con un alto grado de consenso en opinión de losexpertos.Conclusiones. El cuestionario ha demostrado una sólidavalidez de contenido. Permitiendo evaluar una intervencióneducativa sobre nutrición, basada en el programa Perseo, enpoblación juvenil con trastornos alimentarios. (AU)

Introduction. Feeding and eating disorders represent aserious problem especially in young population. Nutritionaleducation is essential in its treatment and prevention.Among the actions developed in Spain the NAOS strategyhighlights, which frames the Perseo educational program forschoolchildren. However, there are few tools to evaluate theknowledge after these programs are implemented. The aimof the study was to create and to validate a questionnairethat allows the evaluation of the acquired knowledge onyoung population diagnosed of eating disorders after participating on Perseo program.Methodology. The on-line modified e-Delphi techniquewas applied, 26 mental health and nutrition experts tookpart, evaluating the consensus level on adequacy and relevance through a 4-points Likert scale and a field for comments. Basic and supplementary criteria for the developmentof the technique were previously established.Results. On the basis of the Perseo program and theadapted version of GNKQ for Portuguese teenagers, an initial version of the questionnaire was developed with 30 items and 4 possible answers. After three rounds 26 of theitems reached the required consensus both in adequacyand relevance.Eventually a new questionnaire of 26 items was obtainedwith a high degree of general agreement according to theexperts.Conclusions. The questionnaire has demonstrated astrong validity of content that allows to evaluate an educational intervention on nutrition based on the Perseo program, among young population with eating disorders. (AU)

Definition of Remission and Disease Activity Assessment in Psoriatic Arthritis: Evidence and Expert-Based Recommendations.

OBJECTIVE: We aimed to reach a consensus on the best instruments to monitor disease activity in patients with psoriatic arthritis (PsA) and to develop a consensus definition of remission. METHODS: A modified Delphi approach was used. A scientific committee provided statements addressing the definition of remission and the monitoring of PsA in clinical practice. The questionnaire was evaluated in 2 rounds by rheumatologists with experience in managing PsA patients. RESULTS: A panel of 77 rheumatologists reached agreement on 62 out of the 86 proposed items (72.0%). The most recommended index for monitoring disease activity was DAPSA (cut-off values: ≤4 for remission and >4-14 for low disease activity ([LDA]), MDA (at least 5/7 criteria). In cases with axial involvement, ASDAS was the preferred index (cut-off values: <1.3 for remission and <2.1 for LDA). BASDAI (cut-off values: ≤2 for remission and ≤4 for LDA) may be used as an alternative. PsAID was the preferred tool to assess disease impact. CONCLUSION: We propose a definition of remission in PsA as the absence of disease activity evaluated by DAPSA or MDA (ASDAS and/or BASDAI in patients with axial involvement), which would imply absence of signs or symptoms of inflammation, physical well-being, lack of disease impact, and absence of inflammation as measured by biological markers.

Saúde ambiental na formação de enfermeiros, à luz dos Objetivos de Desenvolvimento Sustentável propostos pela ONU / Environmental health in the training of nurses, in the light of the Sustainable Development Goals proposed by the UN

A Saúde Ambiental vem ganhando espaço como área de ação empenhada em minimizar danos e riscos à saúde por exposição a agentes ambientais, especialmente os decorrentes das mudanças climáticas e poluição ambiental. Paralelo a isso, destaca-se a aprovação da Agenda 2030 para o Desenvolvimento Sustentável, proposta pela Organização das Nações Unidas, em 2015, composta por 17 Objetivos de Desenvolvimento Sustentável (ODS), que têm como finalidade proporcionar um mundo mais saudável, seguro, justo e igualitário para todos. A área da Enfermagem deve estar atenta para a incorporação de novos temas e estratégias que instrumentalizem a formação dos enfermeiros para um cuidado humanizado e alinhado às demandas ambientais globais. Assim, esta pesquisa teve como objetivo propor conteúdos da área da Saúde Ambiental relevantes na formação de enfermeiros, para o enfrentamento de desafios ligados ao impacto causado por determinantes ambientais na saúde humana, à luz dos Objetivos de Desenvolvimento Sustentável. A coleta de dados, embasada na Técnica Delphi (TD), foi realizada em três rodadas, visando obter consenso entre pesquisadores da área de Enfermagem, captados no Diretório de Grupos de Pesquisa (DGP) do CNPq, e que constituíram os sujeitos desta investigação. A partir do referencial teórico explorado na revisão da literatura, foi construído um questionário, o qual foi validado por cinco juízes com experiência em comissões e colegiados de ensino de Enfermagem e, posteriormente, foi enviado aos 62 sujeitos convidados para participar deste estudo, atendendo-se às exigências éticas para pesquisas acadêmicas. A primeira rodada foi composta por um questionário com questões discursivas e questões objetivas, sendo as discursivas posteriormente analisadas pelo método de análise de conteúdo; as questões objetivas foram analisadas pela estatística descritiva e seus resultados disponibilizados em planilhas. Na primeira rodada foram apontados 330 conteúdos por 62 sujeitos. Na segunda rodada, os conteúdos foram sistematizados em uma planilha Excel e submetidos à validação por 55 sujeitos, por meio da aplicação da Escala Likert, sendo descartados 4 conteúdos que não atingiram concordância maior ou igual a 70 %, após serem analisados pelo software SPSS 2.0; foram também avaliadas as medidas de tendência central: média, mediana e moda. Na terceira rodada, os conteúdos foram agrupados de acordo com sua similaridade e sistematizados em uma planilha Excel, resultando em 92 conteúdos, que foram enviados aos sujeitos para validação pela aplicação da Escala Likert, retornando 53 instrumentos preenchidos. As perdas entre todas as rodadas somaram 14,5%. Os conteúdos nesta rodada atingiram concordância que variou de 71 a 100%, tendo sido todos validados. Ao final das três rodadas, todos os dados foram agrupados em um painel que forneceu uma visão geral dos resultados do estudo tendo sido extraída uma lista com 92 conteúdos da Saúde Ambiental, necessários à formação de enfermeiros, de acordo com consenso obtido entre os sujeitos participantes. Analisando os conteúdos que obtiveram os maiores percentuais de consenso entre os sujeitos, pudemos concluir que os conteúdos apontados não estão estreitamente relacionados à área da Saúde Ambiental, geralmente, tais como saneamento ambiental, qualidade da água, do ar, do solo, entre outros, com impactos na cadeia alimentar, ou seja, conteúdos diretamente relacionados à Tríade Básica da Vida. Assim, foi elaborada uma proposição de conteúdos a serem incluídos na formação de enfermeiros, para cada um dos 17 ODS, extraindo-se das respostas dos sujeitos ao longo das três rodadas. A lista de conteúdos propostas por este estudo pode ser considerada um recurso de grande relevância para a organização da matriz curricular dos cursos de graduação em Enfermagem no Brasil, fornecendo uma significativa contribuição para a atualização dos conteúdos abordados, com vistas ao alinhamento aos ODS.

Environmental Health has been gaining ground as an area of action committed to minimize damage and risks to health by exposure to environmental agents, especially those resulting from climate change and environmental pollution. Parallel to this, we highlight the approval of the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development, proposed by the United Nations In 2015, composed of 17 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), which aim to provide a healthier, safer, fair and equal world for all. The nursing area should be attentive to the incorporation of new themes and strategies that instrumentalize the training of nurses for humanized care aligned with global environmental demands. Thus, this research aimed to propose contents of the environmental health area relevant in the training of nurses, to face challenges related to the impact caused by environmental determinants on human health, in the light of the Sustainable Development Goals. Data collection, based on the Delphi Technique (TD), was performed in three rounds, aiming to obtain consensus among researchers in the nursing area, captured in the Directory of Research Groups (DGP) of CNPq, and which constituted the subjects of this investigation. Based on the theoretical framework explored in the literature review, a questionnaire was constructed, which was validated by five judges with experience with nursing teaching committees and committees and, later, it was sent to the 62 subjects invited to participate in this study, meeting the ethical requirements for academic research. The first round was composed of a questionnaire with discursive questions and objective questions, and the discursive scans were later analyzed by content analysis method; the objective questions were analyzed by descriptive statistics and their results made available in spreadsheets. In the first round, 330 contents were indicated by 62 subjects. In the second round, the contents were systematized in an Excel spreadsheet and submitted to validation by 55 subjects, through the application of the Likert Scale, and 4 contents that did not reach agreement greater than or equal to 70% were discarded after being analyzed by the SPSS 2.0 software; the measures of central trend were also evaluated: average, median and fashion. In the third round, the contents were grouped according to their similarity and systematized in an Excel spreadsheet, resulting in 92 contents, which were sent to the subjects for validation by applying the Likert Scale, returning 53 completed instruments. Losses between all rounds totaled 14.5%. The contents in this round reached agreement ranging from 71 to 100%, all of which were validated. At the end of the three rounds, all data were grouped in a panel that provided an overview of the results of the study and a list of 92 environmental health contents was extracted, necessary for the training of nurses, according to a consensus obtained among the participants. Analyzing the contents that obtained the highest percentages of consensus among the subjects, we could conclude that the contents mentioned are not closely related to the area of Environmental Health, as a rule, such as environmental sanitation, water quality, air, soil, among others, with impacts on the food chain, that is, contents causally related to the Basic Triad of Life. Thus, a proposition of contents to be included in the training of nurses was elaborated for each of the 17 SDDS, extracting from the subjects' answers throughout the three rounds. The list of contents proposed by this study can be considered an resource of great relevance for the organization of the curricular matrix of undergraduate nursing courses in Brazil, providing a significant contribution to the updating of the contents addressed, with a view to aligning the SDDs.

El método Delphi en la investigación en reumatología: ¿lo estamos haciendo bien? / Delphi method in rheumatology research: Are we doing well?

RESUMEN Introducción: El método Delphi es una técnica que permite llegar al consenso en un grupo de expertos que opinan sobre un asunto específico. Se ha usado ampliamente en diferentes áreas del conocimiento, entre ellas las ciencias de la salud. La reumatología es una de las especialidades médicas que más ha empleado esta técnica de consenso. Objetivos: Realizar una revisión del proceso ideal que debe cumplir la aplicación del método Delphi. Describir el impacto actual del método Delphi en la investigación en salud y hacer una mirada crítica a su aplicación en la investigación en reumatología. Materiales y métodos: Se evaluó la frecuencia del uso del método Delphi en las publicaciones indexadas en MEDLINE como una aproximación a la medición de su empleo en ciencias de la salud. Se realizó una búsqueda de los artículos que reportan el uso del método Delphi como método de investigación en el área de reumatología. Resultados: Al realizar una búsqueda en Medline usando el término MeSH Delphi Technique se encontraron 4.574 artículos. Se incluyeron 148 artículos que aplicaron el método Delphi en investigación de reumatología. Se encontró que la aplicación del método no ha seguido los lineamientos definidos originalmente, ya sea tanto por no cumplir sus características definitorias u omitir alguna de sus fases, como por la falta de rigurosidad en el desarrollo de las mismas, hasta tal punto que solo una quinta parte de los artículos analizados cumplía las características definitorias del método, lo que puede poner en riesgo la validez de los resultados reportados por estas investigaciones. Conclusiones: El uso del método Delphi en investigación en salud es cada vez mayor, y la reumatología no es la excepción. La no estandarización y el apego a la metodología Delphi puede poner en riesgo la validez de los resultados que se obtienen de su uso en investigación. Los investigadores deben tener en cuenta los aspectos metodológicos básicos que definen el método Delphi para incluirlos en sus trabajos.

ABSTRACT Introduction: The Delphi method is a technique that allows consensus to be reached by a group of experts who have opinions on a specific issue. It has been widely used in different areas of knowledge, including health sciences. Rheumatology is one of the medical specialties that has used this consensus technique the most. Objectives: To conduct a review of the ideal process for application of the Delphi method. To describe the current impact of the Delphi method on health research, and take a critical look at its application in rheumatology research. Materials and methods: The frequency of use of the Delphi method in publications indexed in MEDLINE was evaluated, as an approximation to the measurement of its use in health sciences. A search was made of the articles that mentioned the use of the Delphi method as a research tool in rheumatology. Results: A total of 4,574 articles were found when searching Medline using the MeSH term "Delphi Technique". The analysis included 148 articles that applied the Delphi method in rheumatology research. It was found that the application of the method did not follow the guidelines originally defined. This was due to not meeting its defining characteristics, or omitting some of its phases. There was also lack of rigour in developing it, to the point that only a fifth of the articles analysed fulfilled the defining characteristics of the method. All these can put the validity of the results reported by these investigations at risk. Conclusions: Use of the Delphi method in health research is growing, and rheumatology is no exception. The lack of standardisation and adherence to the Delphi methodology may jeopardise the validity of the results obtained from its use in research. Researchers must take into account the basic methodological aspects that define the Delphi method, in order to include them in their work.

[Translation and cross-cultural adaptation into Spanish, Catalan and Galician of the Hopkins Symptom Checklist-25 to identify depression in Primary Care]. / Traducción y adaptación transcultural al español, catalán y gallego de la escala Hopkins Symptom Checklist-25 para la detección de depresión en Atención Primaria.

AIM: To describe the translation and cross-cultural adaptation process of the Hopkins Symptom Checklist-25 (HSCL-25) scale into Spanish, Catalan and Galician. DESIGN: Translation, cross-cultural adaption and comprehensibility analysis through cognitive debriefing. LOCATION: Research Units of Primary Care in Barcelona and Vigo. PARTICIPANTS: Family doctors and Primary Care patients. MAIN MEASUREMENTS: Following the guidelines of the International Society for Pharmacoeconomics and Outcomes Research (ISPOR): 1) Direct translation. 2) Pilot study based on Delphi methodology with family doctors. 3) Back-translation. 4) Equivalence analysis. 5) Comprehension analysis of versions obtained in Spanish, Catalan and Galician through cognitive debriefing in a sample of patients. 6) Transcultural harmonization. RESULTS: 73 family doctors participated in the Delphi study. The consensus was established in the first round for the Spanish and Catalan translations, and in the second round for the Galician. The back-translations were similar in all 3languages. All versions were equivalent between them and compared to the original English version. In the cognitive interview, 10 patients participated for each language, without modifying the writing of the items. CONCLUSIONS: The translations of the HSCL-25 scale in Spanish, Catalan and Galician are semantically and conceptually equivalent to the original version. Translations are understandable and well accepted by patients.

Quality Indicators in Care of Patients With Atopic Dermatitis: Consensus Document of the Spanish Academy of Dermatology and Venereology. / Indicadores de calidad en la atención dermatológica a pacientes con dermatitis atópica. Documento de consenso de la Academia Española de Dermatología y Venereología.

No information is currently available on whether the available clinical practice guidelines on the management of atopic dermatitis are known or being applied in Spain. The aim of this study was to improve the care of patients with atopic dermatitis by developing a set of quality indicators based on existing clinical practice guidelines. Relevant clinical practice guidelines identified through a literature search were submitted to a panel of 11 specialists, who selected the highest quality guidelines using the AGREE (Appraisal of Guidelines for Research & Evaluation) II instrument. The panel then defined a subset of the recommendations supported by a high level of evidence and proposed a health care quality indicator for each one together with a standard for measuring degree of adherence. Consensus was achieved on 21 of the 150 proposed indicators using the modified Delphi method. The aim of implementing the indicators that achieved consensus in this study is to standardize the actions of health professionals providing care for patients with atopic dermatitis and ultimately to improve the quality of the care delivered.

Validation of a photographic atlas of food portions designed as a tool to visually estimate food amounts in Ecuador.

INTRODUCTION: Introduction: the use of real images of food portions constitutes a useful and effective tool to help measure the amount of food consumed. Objective: to validate content and visual perception of the images of a photographic atlas of food portions designed for Ecuador. Methods: first, eight experts assessed the content in an atlas of food portions, using the Delphi technique. Then, 56 adults (aged 18-59) gave an assessment of their visual perception of about 35 portions of nine selected products. The concordance in the estimation using the atlas versus an estimation without the atlas was evaluated through the intra-class correlation coefficient (ICC), the Bland-Altman graphical method, and a hypothesis contrast. The differences between the real amounts and the estimation were assessed using the Wilcoxon test (p < 0.05). For each of the food items, the percentage of participants who chose the correct photograph, the one directly above or below was calculated. Results: the assessment carried out by experts showed that this instrument is relevant and appropriate. ICC values of between 0.576 and 0.956 were obtained using the atlas, as well as significant differences between the real amounts and the estimation without the atlas (p < 0.001). There was a sufficient correlation between the actual image and its perception for all food items except mayonnaise. The correct photograph was chosen in 66% of 500 estimations. Conclusions: the photographic atlas of food portions for Ecuador is an appropriate tool for helping to estimate the amount of food consumed by adults.

INTRODUCCIÓN: Introducción: utilizar imágenes reales de porciones de alimentos es útil y efectivo para estimar la cantidad de alimentos consumidos. Objetivo: validar el contenido y la percepción visual de las imágenes de un atlas fotográfico de porciones de alimentos diseñado para Ecuador. Métodos: primero, ocho expertos evaluaron el contenido de un atlas de porciones de alimentos utilizando la técnica Delphi. Luego, 56 adultos (18-59 años) participaron en la evaluación de la percepción visual de 35 porciones de nueve productos seleccionados. La concordancia en la estimación utilizando el atlas respecto a una estimación sin el atlas se evaluó a través del coeficiente de correlación intraclase (CCI), el método gráfico de Bland-Altman y el contraste de hipótesis. Las diferencias entre las cantidades reales y las estimadas se evaluaron mediante la prueba de Wilcoxon (p < 0,05). Para cada alimento, se calculó el porcentaje de participantes que eligieron la fotografía correcta, la adyacente superior o la inferior. Resultados: la evaluación realizada por expertos mostró que esta herramienta es relevante y apropiada. Se obtuvieron valores de CCI entre 0,576 y 0,956 utilizando el atlas, así como diferencias significativas entre las cantidades reales y la estimación sin el atlas (p < 0,001). Hubo una adecuada concordancia entre la percepción de la imagen realizada y la imagen real para todos los alimentos, excepto para la mayonesa. La fotografía correcta fue elegida en el 66% de las 500 estimaciones realizadas. Conclusiones: el atlas fotográfico de porciones de alimentos para Ecuador es una herramienta apropiada para ayudar en la estimación de la cantidad de alimento consumido.